Author(s)

G.G. Nieuwmeijer

Abstract

In the 19* century construction methods differed from those used today. Calculations were simple or sometimes not even made at all. Regulations were few or nonexistent and engineers often worked from their own experience and insight. Old structures do not usually satisfy current regulations and insight with regard to strength, stiflhess and stability. Indeed, we must ask ourselves whether it is necessary that they should do so. Modifications may be necessary in relation to strength and stiffness when the original structure fails to meet modern requirements or because it has been weakened by corrosion. Adaptations can be made by strengthening existing elements, changing jo

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