Author(s)

E. Lekkas

Abstract

Recently, there has been great progress in the estimation and evaluation of ground motion levels caused by earthquakes, through the development of new methodologies based on deterministic or probabilistic approaches. However, large earthquakes revealed that conditions such as crustal waveguide effects, hanging-wall effects, near-fault rupture directivity effects, sedimentary basin response effects, relief effects, basin-edge and focusing effects play an important part in the amplification of the ground motion levels and in their variability at different places. Furthermore, they result in the performance of extent damage and the increase in the uncertainty of estimates. Therefore, it is a necessity to include the above parameters in the evaluations of ground motions in order to achieve the most convenient earthquake design of the constructions and the optimum building co

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